Hydraulic Shock Absorbers: Basic principles

Shock absorbers are an important part of automobile and motorcycle suspensions, aircraft landing gear, and the supports for many industrial machines. In a vehicle, it reduces the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality. Without shock absorbers, the vehicle would have a bouncing ride, as energy is stored in the spring and then released to the vehicle, possibly exceeding the allowed range of suspension movement. Control of excessive suspension movement without shock absorption requires stiffer (higher rate) springs, which would in turn give a harsh ride.

Hydraulic Shock Absorbers: Basic principles
Hydraulic Shock Absorbers utilize liquid fluid to convert mechanical energy into thermal energy. The dampening or shock absorber action is facilitated by the shock absorber's fluid being displaced by a piston displaced by mechanical action that forces the fluid through a orifice(s) or flow restrictor(s).

In the standard twin-tube shock absorber design, a piston slides inside an oil-filled cylinder. Calibrated holes in the piston allow oil to pass between the upper and lower parts of the cylinder thereby damping the oscillation of the spring.

As the piston moves up and down, forcing the oil through the holes, the piston rod moves in and out of the tube. As it moves in and out, the rod changes the volume available to the oil. When the volume is reduced, there is momentarily an excess of oil: this excess is forced back in the oil reservoir (reserve tube) through the base valve.

When the rod moves out again, it creates a vacuum and a volume of oil equivalent to the displaced rod is drawn through valves in the piston and, at the same time, through an orifice in the base valve.

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